Axiom 7: The Nature of Energy

Sub-principles

1. Energy is Not a Substance: Energy is a calculation or measurement describing the motion of matter at any scale. It is not an independent physical entity.
2. All Energy is Motion: All energy, including what conventional physics calls "potential energy," is matter in motion at some scale. There is no separate category of "stored" or "potential" energy substance.
3. Macroscopic Motion: What conventional physics calls "kinetic energy" is motion at macroscopic scales that we directly perceive – visible movement of objects through space.
4. Microscopic Motion: What conventional physics calls "potential energy" is matter in motion at microscopic or submicroscopic scales, creating what appears to be static situations from our perspective.
5. Energy Transfer: Energy "transfer" is the transfer of motion from one piece of matter to another through mechanical contact and collision, occurring at whatever scale is relevant.
6. Energy Conservation: What we call "conservation of energy" is really the conservation of matter and its motion. Neither matter nor its total motion can be created or destroyed, only redistributed across scales.
7. No Pure Energy: There is no such thing as "pure energy" existing independently of matter. All energy is matter in motion at some scale.

Core Principle

This axiom establishes energy as a description of matter in motion at any scale rather than an independent substance. Building on:

• Axiom 1 $-$ Only space, matter, and motion exist (no separate entities like "energy")
• Axiom 3 $-$ All matter has mass (no massless energy particles)
• Axiom 6 $-$ Matter moves through space uniquely and continuously
• Axiom 8 (preview) $-$ All matter is in constant motion

Axiom 7 asserts that energy is fundamentally a calculation $-$ a useful mathematical tool for describing and quantifying the motion of matter at whatever scale is relevant. This has profound implications:

1. Energy cannot exist independently $-$ it's always motion of matter at some scale
2. All energy is motion $-$ including what appears as "potential" energy (motion at smaller scales)
3. Energy "transfer" is motion transfer $-$ mechanical collisions between matter at relevant scales
4. Energy "conservation" is matter-motion conservation $-$ nothing is created or destroyed
5. No massless energy carriers $-$ photons, gluons, gravitons don't exist as physical entities
6. $E=mc^2$ is a relationship $-$ not evidence of matter-energy interconversion

Unlike conventional physics, which divides energy into "kinetic" (motion) and "potential" (stored configuration) as if they were fundamentally different categories, the AAM recognizes that all energy is matter in motion - the apparent difference is only a matter of scale. What we perceive as "potential energy" at the macroscopic level is always matter in active motion at microscopic or submicroscopic levels.

This understanding eliminates numerous mysteries and contradictions in modern physics while providing a mechanically clear foundation for understanding all energy-related phenomena. It also eliminates the need for mystical concepts like "energy stored in fields" or "energy in configurations" $-$ there is only matter, and matter is always in motion at some scale.

Key Definitions

Energy

A calculation or measurement describing the motion of matter at any scale.

Key characteristics:

• Not a physical substance or entity
• Always describes motion of matter, never independent
• Useful mathematical tool for quantifying motion effects
• Can describe motion at scales from macroscopic to submicroscopic
• Units: $mass \times (distance/time)^2$ reflecting its matter-motion nature

The word "energy" should be avoided when the more specific terms "matter" or "motion" could be used instead. Energy is a convenient mathematical abstraction, but we must never forget it reduces to matter in motion.

"Kinetic Energy" (Conventional Term)

Motion at macroscopic scales that we directly perceive.

• Bullet flying through air
• Car moving down road
• Planet orbiting star
• Hammer striking nail

Mathematical Forms:

Unidirectional Motion ($E = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$):

• Describes effect of moving matter coming to complete stop
• Example: bullet hitting target, object falling to ground
• Factor of $\frac{1}{2}$ comes from averaging over deceleration
• Used when motion has clear single direction

Bidirectional Motion ($E = mv^2$):

• Describes effect of matter moving in multiple directions
• Example: explosion, radiation in all directions
• No factor of $\frac{1}{2}$ because motion isn't averaged over single direction
• Energy distributed in opposing or multiple directions

For Light and Wave Motion ($E = mc^2$):

• Describes bidirectional energy transfer to/from aether
• Light waves propagate in all directions from source
• "c" is velocity of light wave through aether medium
• Matter in motion transfers energy to aether particles bidirectionally

"Potential Energy" (Conventional Term)

Matter in motion at microscopic or submicroscopic scales, creating what appears to be a static situation from our macroscopic perspective.

This is the crucial insight: What conventional physics calls "potential energy" is not energy "stored in a configuration" $-$ it is actual matter in actual motion at scales smaller than we directly perceive.

The appearance of "potential" is an illusion arising from our limited macroscopic perspective. At the fundamental level, there is always matter in motion actively creating the situation we observe.

Common examples (detailed explanations follow in next section):

Gravitational "Potential" Energy:

• NOT: energy stored in object's height
• ACTUALLY: Aether pressure differential from aether particles in constant motion bombarding from above and below at different rates

Elastic "Potential" Energy:

• NOT: energy stored in compressed spring or stretched rubber band
• ACTUALLY: Molecular vibrations, oscillations, and bond stresses - molecules constantly in motion maintaining strain

Chemical "Potential" Energy:

• NOT: energy stored in molecular bonds
• ACTUALLY: Orbital motions of orbitrons/valence shells, plus aether bombardment maintaining atomic structure

Nuclear "Potential" Energy:

• NOT: energy stored in nucleus
• ACTUALLY: Aether ($SL_{-2}$) particle bombardment creating pressure differentials that maintain nuclear structure

Muscular "Force":

• NOT: static force holding object in place
• ACTUALLY: Nerve signals (matter in motion), molecular motors (matter in motion), ATP reactions (matter in motion) - all organized to maintain pattern

In every case, what appears static from our macroscopic viewpoint is intensely dynamic at smaller scales. The "potential" is our description of matter actively in motion at scales we don't directly perceive.

Energy Transfer

The process of motion being transferred from one piece of matter to another, occurring at whatever scale is relevant.

Mechanism:

• Always occurs through mechanical contact and collision
• Moving matter collides with other matter
• Momentum transferred in collision
• First piece slows, second piece speeds up (or motion pattern changes)
• No mysterious "energy" substance flows between them
• Can occur at macroscopic scale (direct collisions) or microscopic scale (aether interactions)

Examples:

• Hammer hitting nail (macroscopic collision)
• Sound waves (sequential collisions through medium)
• Heat transfer (molecular collisions)
• Light propagation (wave motion through aether particles)
• Tired light (gradual motion loss to aether over distance)
• Gravitational interaction (aether pressure differential affecting motion)

Energy transfer is simply motion transfer - describing it as "energy transfer" is mathematical convenience, but physically it's matter-to-matter momentum exchange at the relevant scale.

Conservation of Energy

The principle that total energy in an isolated system remains constant.

AAM Interpretation:

This is really conservation of matter and conservation of motion:

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed (Axiom 3)
• Motion cannot be created from nothing or disappear into nothing
• Matter at one scale can reorganize to other scales (what appears as "conversion")
• Motion can be transferred between matter at different scales
• Total amount of matter and total motion remain constant across all scales

What conventional physics calls "energy conservation" is the AAM's conservation of matter-in-motion across all scales. The mathematics is identical, but the physical interpretation is completely different and more mechanically clear.

Why All Energy is Motion: Understanding "Potential Energy"

This section systematically demonstrates that what conventional physics calls "potential energy" is always matter in active motion at scales smaller than we directly perceive. The appearance of static "potential" is an artifact of our macroscopic perspective.

The Pedagogical Challenge

Conventional physics teaches from earliest introduction that energy comes in two fundamentally different forms:

• Kinetic energy: associated with motion
• Potential energy: associated with position or configuration

This distinction is so deeply ingrained that questioning it seems absurd. Of course a boulder sitting motionless on a cliff has "potential energy" that's different from the "kinetic energy" it has while falling!

But the AAM challenges this distinction at its foundation: There is no energy without motion. What appears as "potential" from our macroscopic perspective is always matter in motion at microscopic or submicroscopic scales.

This is harder to explain and harder to grasp, but it's better physics because it identifies the actual physical mechanisms rather than accepting convenient mathematical categories.

Gravitational "Potential Energy": Aether Pressure Differential

Conventional View:

A boulder held 20 meters above the ground has gravitational potential energy E = mgh. This energy is "stored" due to the boulder's position in Earth's gravitational field. When released, this "potential energy" converts to "kinetic energy."

The Actual Mechanism:

Above the Boulder:

• Aether particles ($SL_{-2}$) are in constant motion
• These particles rain down on the boulder from above
• Their bombardment creates downward pressure
• This is continuous, active motion

Below the Boulder:

• Earth's mass creates geometric shadowing
• Fewer aether particles reach boulder from below (they're blocked by Earth)
• Less upward pressure than downward pressure
• This creates net downward force

The "Potential":

What we call "potential energy" is actually:

• Continuous aether bombardment (matter in motion)
• Creating pressure differential
• Pushing boulder downward constantly
• Resisted by support structure

When Support Removed:

• Aether pressure differential doesn't "convert" to something else
• It was already there, already active
• Boulder accelerates downward due to pressure differential
• No conversion - just removal of constraint

Energy Calculation:

$E = mgh$ calculates the work the aether pressure differential will do over distance $h$. But this doesn't mean energy is "stored" - it's a calculation predicting what will happen based on active forces (aether pressure) already present.

Important Insight:

The boulder isn't "potentially energetic" - it's being actively pushed by matter in motion (aether particles) at every instant. The "potential" is our convenient way of calculating future motion, not a description of stored substance.

Elastic "Potential Energy": Molecular Motion and Stress

Conventional View:

A compressed spring or stretched rubber band has elastic potential energy E = $\frac{1}{2}kx^2$. This energy is "stored" in the deformation and "released" when the constraint is removed.

AAM View:

The compressed/stretched material is not storing static energy. Its molecular structure is in intense motion maintaining the strain.

The Actual Mechanism:

In Compressed Spring:

• Metal atoms forced closer than equilibrium spacing
• Orbitrons (valence cloud particles) overlap more than preferred
• Orbitrons collide more frequently with neighboring clouds
• These collisions create pressure resisting compression
• Neighboring atoms try to return back to equilibrium but are constrained

Molecular Level Details:

• Changed atomic spacing alters valence/orbitron cloud geometry
• More collisions between neighboring orbitron clouds
• Each collision transfers momentum
• Molecules attempt to return to relaxed configuration but are held in strained state
• This is matter in motion at atomic scale maintaining the "potential"

When Constraint Released:

• Atoms accelerate back toward equilibrium
• Their orbitron clouds rearrange as they move back to relaxed configuration
• No conversion from potential to kinetic $-$ just the difference between compressed configuration and relaxed configuration
• All of thisis a matter of how the orbitron clouds are moving and colliding

In Stretched Rubber Band:

• Long polymer chains extended beyond relaxed configuration
• Molecular bonds/orbitron clouds separated more than preferred
• Aether bombardment creates pressure trying to restore relaxed configuration
• All of this is matter in motion

Energy Calculation:

$E = \frac{1}{2}kx^2$ calculates work that will be done when molecular motions redistribute. Spring constant $k$ describes how strongly molecular motions resist displacement $-$ it's a measure of either the intensity of orbitron collisions or the intensity of aether bombardment maintaining the strained configuration.

Chemical "Potential Energy": Orbital and Atomic Motion

Conventional View:

Fuel molecules have chemical potential energy "stored in their bonds." When burned, this energy is "released."

AAM View:

Fuel molecules are not storing static energy. They are complex dynamic systems with matter in continuous motion at atomic scales.

The Actual Mechanism:

In Fuel Molecule (e.g., Gasoline):

• Orbitrons in valence clouds moving between atoms (matter in motion)
• Nucleons maintaining nuclear structure (matter in motion at nuclear scale)
• Aether ($SL_{-2}$) bombardment creating pressure differentials maintaining bonding
• Orbitron collisions between neighboring atoms creating dynamic equilibrium from the aether bombardment pushing them together
• All of this is continuous, active motion

"High Energy" Configuration Means:

• Orbitrons in orbits that require significant aether pressure to maintain
• Planetrons in configurations where aether bombardment is intense
• Molecular geometry that's metastable (could rearrange to lower-energy state)
• Not "energy stored" but "motion patterns that could redistribute"

During Combustion:

• Activation energy disrupts existing orbital patterns
• Atoms rearrange into more stable configuration by bonding with other atoms (e.g., oxygen)
• "More stable" means less intense aether bombardment needed
• Excess motion from redistrubed atoms appears as kinetic energy of products (heat) plus organized motion (expansion)
• Products moving faster (heat) plus organized motion (expansion)

The "Release":

What's released isn't stored energy substance but redistributed motion:

• Orbital motion of orbitrons $\rightarrow$ translational motion of molecules (heat)
• Intense aether bombardment maintaining unstable configuration $\rightarrow$ reduced bombardment maintaining stable configuration
• Excess motion appears as kinetic energy we measure as heat

Energy Calculation:

Chemical potential energy calculates difference between motion required to maintain reactant structure vs. product structure. The "release" is really redistribution of motion across scales.

Nuclear "Potential Energy": Aether Bombardment at $SL_{-2}$

Conventional View:

Uranium nucleus has enormous potential energy "stored" in its nuclear binding. This is mass "converted" to energy via $E=mc^2$.

AAM View:

Uranium nucleus is not storing energy. It's a dynamic system maintained by intense aether bombardment at $SL_{-2}$ scale.

The Actual Mechanism:

Nuclear Structure Maintenance:

• Nucleons (compact particle structures) in tight configuration
• Aether particles at $SL_{-2}$ (two levels below atomic scale) bombarding continuously
• Geometric shadowing at nuclear scale creates pressure differentials
• These pressure differentials maintain nuclear structure
• All of this is matter ($SL_{-2}$ aether) in continuous motion

"Binding Energy" Really Means:

• Intense aether bombardment needed to maintain tight nuclear configuration
• Pressure differentials resist nucleons from flying apart
• Not energy "stored in configuration" but active pressure from matter in motion
• Nucleons constantly experiencing forces, held by external bombardment

When Nucleus Fissions:

• Nuclear configuration becomes unstable
• Pressure differentials can't maintain configuration
• Nucleons no longer held in tight structure
• They separate and accelerate (driven by residual pressure differentials)
• Their separation is matter in motion we measure as kinetic energy

$E=mc^2$ Reinterpreted:

• Not mass converting to energy
• Calculation of motion effects when matter reorganizes
• Matter conserved at all scales (Axiom 3)
• Motion redistributed from nuclear-scale structure to fragment motion
• Same matter, different motion patterns

The Key Insight:

Even in the nucleus, what appears as "potential energy" is matter ($SL_{-2}$ aether) in active motion creating pressure differentials. No static storage $-$ just motion at scales far smaller than we directly perceive.

Holding a Boulder: The Illusion of Static Force

This example beautifully illustrates why even apparent "static situations" involve matter in motion at smaller scales.

The Situation:

You hold a heavy boulder overhead using your arms. The boulder isn't moving. You're exerting upward force to resist gravity. It seems completely static.

But What's Really Happening:

At Macroscopic Scale:

• Boulder stationary (appears motionless)
• Your arms stationary (appear motionless)
• Looks like pure "potential energy" situation

At Physiological Scale:

• Nerve Signals: Electrical impulses traveling through neurons $-$ ions moving through cell membranes (matter in motion)
• Neurotransmitters: Released at synapses, diffusing across gaps (matter in motion)
• Action Potentials: Propagating along muscle fibers (matter in motion)

At Cellular Scale:

• ATP Reactions: Adenosine triphosphate breaking down (molecular bonds reorganizing, orbitrons redistributing $-$ matter in motion)
• Molecular Motors: Myosin heads pulling on actin filaments (protein molecules moving)
• Cross-Bridge Cycling: Continuous attachment, pulling, detachment, reset (matter in motion)

At Molecular Scale:

• Protein Conformational Changes: Myosin changing shape with each cycle (atoms moving)
• Calcium Ions: Moving in and out of sarcoplasmic reticulum (matter in motion)
• Molecular Vibrations: All molecules oscillating thermally (matter in motion)

At Atomic Scale:

• Orbitron Motion: Valence particles transferring between atoms during reactions (matter in motion)
• Orbitron Clouds: Forced together or apart by interactions (matter in motion)
• Aether Bombardment: $SL_{-2}$ particles maintaining atomic structure (matter in motion)

What Appears Static is Intensely Dynamic:

The "static force" of holding the boulder is:

• Continuous nerve firing
• Continuous ATP consumption
• Continuous molecular motor cycling
• Continuous atomic and subatomic motion
• All coordinated to maintain macroscopic pattern

The "stiffness" of your muscles is organized motion at smaller scales maintaining resistance to the boulder's weight (which itself is aether pressure differential).

Energy Perspective:

What conventional physics might call the "potential energy" of the system is actually:

• Your ongoing metabolic motion (ATP reactions, molecular motors)
• Plus gravitational aether pressure differential (aether particle motion)
• All matter in motion at different scales
• No static storage $-$ continuous active processes

When You Release the Boulder:

• You stop directing molecular motion in organized pattern
• Aether pressure differential accelerates boulder downward
• Your muscles relax (molecular motors stop cycling)
• Motion redistributes from organized muscular motion to boulder's fall

This example shows that even situations that seem most "statically energetic" are actually intensely dynamic when we look at the actual physical mechanisms at appropriate scales.

Pattern Across All Examples

Notice the consistent pattern across all these examples:

1. Macroscopic Appearance: Static, motionless, "potential"
2. Microscopic Reality: Matter in continuous motion at smaller scales
3. The "Potential": Our description of what will happen when constraints change, based on ongoing motion at smaller scales
4. The "Release": Not conversion of stored substance, but redistribution of existing motion across scales or to different patterns

Why This Matters

This understanding:

1. Eliminates Mysticism: No need for "energy stored in configurations" $-$ just identify the actual matter in actual motion
2. Unifies Physics: All energy phenomena reduce to same thing (motion) at different scales
3. Explains Mechanisms: Instead of abstract "potential energy," we identify specific physical processes (aether bombardment, molecular vibration, orbital motion, etc.)
4. Maintains Consistency: With Axiom 1 (only space, matter, motion exist) $-$ no need for fourth category of "configuration"
5. Connects Scales: Shows how motion at one scale (microscopic) appears as potential at another scale (macroscopic)

This is harder to explain than simply dividing energy into kinetic and potential, but it's worth the effort because it reveals the actual physical mechanisms rather than accepting convenient mathematical categories.

Contrasts with Conventional Physics

1. Energy as Independent Substance

Conventional View:

Modern physics treats energy as something that can:

• Exist independently of matter (pure energy)
• Be stored in fields and vacuum
• Flow through "empty space"
• Transform into matter ($E=mc^2$)
• Transform from matter (annihilation)
• Come in discrete packets (photons)

AAM Position:

Energy cannot exist independently because it's not a substance at all $-$ it's a description of matter in motion. Specifically:

No Pure Energy:

• "Pure energy" is meaningless concept in AAM
• Energy is always matter in motion at some scale
• What appears as "potential" is motion at smaller scales
• Cannot have energy without matter in motion

No Energy Fields:

• Fields are mathematical descriptions, not physical entities (Axiom 1)
• "Energy stored in field" really means matter in motion at smaller scales
• "Electrical field energy" is gravitational potential from atomic configurations (nucleons with/without shells)
• "Magnetic field energy" is configuration energy of aligned momentum valence shells
• Gravitational "field energy" is really aether motion patterns creating pressure differentials
• All "field energies" reduce to matter configurations and motion at various scales

No Energy in Vacuum:

• "Vacuum energy" and "zero-point energy" are meaningless
• Empty space contains no matter, therefore no energy
• What we detect is aether ($SL_{-1}$ matter), not vacuum fluctuations
• Casimir effect is aether density variation, not vacuum energy

2. Mass-Energy Equivalence and $E=mc^2$

Conventional View:

Einstein's famous equation is interpreted to mean:

• Mass and energy are equivalent and interchangeable
• Mass can be "converted" into energy (nuclear fission, annihilation)
• Energy can be "converted" into mass (pair production)
• Matter is "frozen energy"
• $E=mc^2$ proves matter-energy interconversion

AAM Position:

$E=mc^2$ is a valid mathematical relationship, but its physical interpretation is completely wrong.

What $E=mc^2$ Actually Represents:

The equation describes bidirectional motion energy when matter interacts with aether:

• $E$ = energy calculated (not actual substance)
• $m$ = mass of matter involved
• $c^2$ = velocity squared (bidirectional factor for wave motion in all directions)

Derived by Maxwell (1862):

The formula originated from electromagnetic theory, not relativity:

• Maxwell: Force on absorbing body = rate of energy received
• Momentum change = $(1/c) \times$ energy delivered
• If radiation has momentum $M$ at velocity $c$, then $m = E/c^2$
• Newton-Laplace equation also supported this relationship

Physical Meaning:

The equation calculates the motion effects when matter:

• Emits motion bidirectionally (explosion, radiation)
• Absorbs motion bidirectionally (collision with radiation)
• Transfers motion to/from aether medium (light propagation)

In Nuclear Reactions:

• Matter is not converted to energy
• Matter is rearranged at multiple scales
• Changes occur at both nuclear scale (nucleons) and atomic scale (orbitrons)
• Total mass is conserved across all scales $-$ just redistributed and set in motion

Detailed Mechanism $-$ Fusion (Mass Appears to Decrease):

When multiple atoms fuse into one:

• Multiple separate valence clouds merge into single valence cloud
• Billions of orbitrons are lost in the merging process
• Individual orbitrons too small to detect ($<SL_{-1}$)
• Appears as "mass defect" or "mass decrease"
• This is NOT mass converting to energy
• This IS actual matter (orbitrons) being ejected/lost during structural reorganization

Example $-$ Hydrogen Fusion:

• Four hydrogen atoms (four separate valence clouds)
• Fuse into one helium atom (one valence cloud)
• Three valence clouds worth of orbitrons are lost
• These billions of orbitrons carry away kinetic energy
• Measured as "energy release" but actually orbitron motion
• Apparent "mass decrease" is real matter loss at undetectable scale

Detailed Mechanism $-$ Fission (Mass Appears to Increase):

When single atom splits into multiple:

• Single valence cloud splits into multiple valence clouds
• Millions of orbitrons are added to form new valence clouds
• Matter reorganizes from single structure to multiple structures
• Appears as "mass increase"
• This is NOT energy converting to mass
• This IS actual matter (orbitrons) being added during structural reorganization

The orbitrons may come from:

• Fragmentation of original orbitrons into smaller pieces
• Gravitational accumulation of aether ($SL_{-1}$) particles
• Redistribution from other parts of the system

Neutron Changes During Reactions:

Conventional physics describes neutrons being "gained" or "ejected" during reactions. In AAM:

• Not mysterious particle creation/destruction
• Actual nucleons being added or removed
• New atomic configurations require different nuclear structures
• Some configurations need more nucleons, some need fewer
• Nucleons are real matter at nuclear scale, can be transferred between atoms
• "Neutron emission" is literally ejection of a nucleon from nuclear structure
• "Neutron capture" is literally addition of a nucleon to nuclear structure

Why This Matters:

This completely mechanizes what appears as "mass-energy conversion":

• Apparent mass changes are real matter changes at undetectable scales
• "Energy release" is kinetic energy of matter (orbitrons, nucleons, etc.)
• No mystical conversion between mass and energy
• Just matter reorganizing at multiple scales simultaneously
• $E=mc^2$ calculates motion effects, doesn't prove matter-energy equivalence

Example $-$ Complete Fusion Picture:

1. Four hydrogen atoms collide
2. Nuclear structures merge (nucleons reorganize)
3. Four valence clouds merge into one (billions of orbitrons lost)
4. Lost orbitrons move at high velocity (kinetic energy)
5. We measure "energy release" = motion of ejected orbitrons
6. We measure "mass defect" = missing orbitrons (too small to detect individually)
7. No mass-to-energy conversion $-$ just matter reorganization and motion

Rest Mass vs. Relativistic Mass:

The apparent difference between rest mass and relativistic mass arises from:

• Measurement artifacts at high velocities
• Mechanical effects not properly accounted for
• Aether interaction effects
• Not actual change in quantity of matter

This will be addressed more fully when we critique special relativity in detail.

3. Photons as Energy Packets

Conventional View:

Light consists of discrete packets of pure energy called photons:

• Massless particles carrying energy
• Behave as both particle and wave
• Can be created from energy alone
• Energy equals frequency: $E = h\nu$
• Absorbed and emitted discretely

AAM Position:

Photons don't exist as physical entities. Light is wave motion through aether.

Light as Waves:

• Light is wave motion in aether medium ($SL_{-1}$ matter)
• Waves propagate through mechanical collisions
• No particles needed $-$ just motion through medium
• Continuous wave motion, not discrete packets

Photoelectric Effect Explained:

What conventional physics interprets as "photon absorption" is actually:

• Resonance between wave frequency and orbital frequency
• When incoming wave matches orbital frequency of orbitron or planetron
• Mechanical coupling occurs (like pushing swing at right frequency)
• Energy transfers in discrete amount (determined by orbital structure)
• Particle may be ejected if transfer exceeds binding energy

The discreteness comes from quantized atomic structure, not quantized light.

Compton Scattering Explained:

• Wave motion in aether encounters orbital particle
• Mechanical scattering occurs (like waves hitting buoy)
• Wavelength changes due to momentum transfer
• No photon particle needed $-$ just wave-matter interaction

$E = h\nu$ Explained:

This relationship describes:

• Higher frequency waves = faster particle oscillations in medium
• Faster oscillations = more effective momentum transfer
• Not energy in the wave itself (waves aren't substance)
• Describes transfer effectiveness, not packet size

4. Binding Energy and Mass Defect

Conventional View:

Nuclear binding energy represents:

• Mass converted to energy during nuclear formation
• "Mass defect" = mass difference before and after binding
• Energy released when nucleus forms
• Energy required to break nucleus apart
• Proof of mass-energy equivalence

AAM Position:

Binding energy represents matter in tight configuration, not converted mass.

What Actually Happens:

During Nuclear Formation (Fusion):

• Multiple particles come together
• Some matter gets compressed/confined in tight binding structure
• This confined matter is still there (not converted)
• When measured from outside, appears as "missing mass"
• Really just matter in compressed configuration

During Nuclear Breakdown (Fission):

• Tight binding structure breaks apart
• Previously confined matter is released
• Released matter has kinetic energy (was under pressure)

• Total mass unchanged $-$ just redistributed
• No mass-to-energy conversion

The Measurement Issue:

• Standard mass measurement detects matter's external effects
• Tightly bound matter has reduced external effects
• Appears as "mass defect" in measurement
• But matter is still there in binding structure
• Like measuring building's mass $-$ internal structure doesn't count separately

Analogy:

Compressed spring has potential energy. When released, spring expands and matter moves. Did spring mass convert to energy? No $-$ matter was in compressed configuration, then moved. Same with nuclear binding.

5. Quantum Field Theory's Vacuum Energy

Conventional View:

Quantum Field Theory posits:

• Vacuum is seething with virtual particles
• Zero-point energy in every field
• Particles pop in and out of existence
• Energy borrowed from uncertainty principle
• Casimir effect proves vacuum energy

AAM Position:

"Vacuum" energy is really aether ($SL_{-1}$ matter) in motion.

Virtual Particles Explained:

• Not particles appearing from nothing
• Gravitational accumulation of $SL_{-1}$ matter fragments
• Happens continually at scales below detection
• Appears as "virtual" because too short-lived to measure directly
• Real matter at smaller scale, not energy fluctuations

Zero-Point Energy Explained:

• Aether is never at absolute rest (Axiom 8)
• Always has kinetic energy from perpetual motion
• Not mystical vacuum energy $-$ just matter in motion
• Exists at all scales due to infinite divisibility

Casimir Effect Explained:

• Aether density varies between closely spaced plates
• Different wavelengths fit in gap vs. outside
• Creates pressure difference (aether pressure imbalance)
• Plates pushed together by external aether
• No vacuum energy needed $-$ just mechanical pressure

Detailed Explanations

Kinetic Energy: Matter in Motion

Kinetic energy quantifies the effects of matter in motion. It's not a substance the matter carries, but a calculation describing what happens when moving matter interacts with other matter.

Unidirectional Form ($E = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$):

When to Use:

• Object moving in single direction
• Comes to complete stop in collision
• Clear single direction of motion

Examples:

• Bullet hitting target
• Car crashing into wall
• Object falling to ground
• Hammer striking nail

Physical Meaning:

Describes the work that must be done to bring the moving matter to rest, or equivalently, the work required to accelerate the matter from rest to velocity $v$.

Why Factor of $\frac{1}{2}$:

• Arises from integrating force over distance during acceleration
• Force increases linearly as velocity builds
• Average force during acceleration = $\frac{1}{2}$ final force
• Mathematical result of mechanics, not fundamental property

Bidirectional Form ($E = mv^2$):

When to Use:

• Motion in multiple or all directions
• Explosion or radiation
• Wave propagation in medium
• No single preferred direction

Examples:

• Explosion (fragments flying in all directions)
• Light/electromagnetic radiation (propagates spherically)
• Heat radiation (emitted in all directions)
• Sound from point source (expands in all directions)

Physical Meaning:

Describes total work effect when matter moves bidirectionally, with forward and backward components averaging to give twice the unidirectional value.

Why No Factor of $\frac{1}{2}$:

• Motion distributed in opposing directions
• Forward + backward = $2 \times$ unidirectional
• Not averaging over single direction
• Bidirectional factor built into formula

Light and Aether Interaction ($E = mc^2$):

Special Case:

When matter emits or absorbs motion to/from aether medium:

• Use $c$ (velocity of light) instead of $v$
• Bidirectional form (no factor of $\frac{1}{2}$)
• Describes motion transfer to/from aether

Examples:

• Nuclear fission (matter fragments radiating)
• Radiation absorption (aether motion absorbed)
• Particle acceleration (energy from matter-aether interaction)

Important: $c$ is velocity of light in the aether medium, not a universal constant applying to all motion. It's specific to electromagnetic wave propagation.

"Potential Energy": Motion at Smaller Scales

For detailed explanations of how gravitational, elastic, chemical, and nuclear "potential energy" are all actually matter in motion at microscopic scales, see the comprehensive section "Why All Energy is Motion: Understanding 'Potential Energy'" above.

That section systematically demonstrates:

• Gravitational "potential" = aether pressure differential (aether particles in motion)
• Elastic "potential" = molecular vibrations and stresses (molecules in motion)
• Chemical "potential" = orbital motions and atomic structure (orbitrons/planetrons in motion)
• Nuclear "potential" = aether bombardment at $SL_{-2}$ (matter in motion at nuclear scale)
• Static force (like holding boulder) = organized motion at cellular/molecular/atomic scales

In every case, what appears static from our macroscopic viewpoint is intensely dynamic at smaller scales.

Energy Transfer: Motion Between Matter

Energy transfer is the process of motion being transferred from one piece of matter to another through mechanical collision and contact.

Fundamental Principle:

All energy transfer reduces to matter colliding with matter and exchanging momentum. There is no mysterious "energy" substance flowing between objects.

Direct Collision:

Example $-$ Hammer and Nail:

• Hammer (moving) collides with nail (stationary)
• Momentum transferred in collision
• Hammer slows, nail accelerates
• We describe this as "energy transfer"
• Physically: motion redistributed between matter

Characteristics:

• Contact required (mechanical collision)
• Momentum conserved
• Both matter pieces change velocity
• "Energy transferred" = motion redistributed

Wave Motion Through Medium:

Example $-$ Sound in Air:

• Source vibrates, pushes air molecules
• First molecules collide with neighbors
• Each collision transfers motion to next molecule
• Wave propagates through sequential collisions
• Medium molecules oscillate, wave travels

Characteristics:

• No net matter transport (molecules return)
• Motion transfers through medium
• Sequential collisions create wave
• "Energy carried by wave" = motion in medium

Light Through Aether:

Mechanism:

• Oscillating matter creates disturbance in aether
• Aether particles ($SL_{-1}$) collide sequentially
• Wave motion propagates at velocity $c$
• Motion transferred particle-to-particle through aether

Tired Light:

• Perfect transmission impossible over vast distances
• Each collision involves slight motion loss
• Aether particles absorb tiny amount of motion internally
• Wave amplitude decreases, wavelength increases
• Cosmological redshift from cumulative losses

Characteristics:

• Real physical process (not mystical photons)
• Inevitable energy loss over distance
• Explains redshift without expansion
• Second Law applies (no perfect transmission)

Heat Transfer:

Three Modes $-$ All Mechanical:

Conduction:

• Molecular collisions transfer motion
• Faster molecules collide with slower
• Motion redistributed through material
• No matter transport, just motion transfer

Convection:

• Matter physically moves, carrying its motion
• Hot fluid rises, cold fluid sinks
• Motion transferred by mass transport
• Combined matter + motion transport

Radiation:

• Wave motion through aether (as above)
• Infrared = lower frequency waves
• Transfer motion from source to receiver
• Continuous spectrum from matter oscillations

Conservation of Energy: Really Conservation of Matter-Motion

What conventional physics calls "conservation of energy" is the AAM's conservation of matter and motion.

Three Conservation Laws Reduce to Two:

Conventional Physics:

• Conservation of matter (mass)
• Conservation of energy
• Conservation of momentum

AAM:

• Conservation of matter (Axiom 3 $-$ matter cannot be created or destroyed)
• Conservation of motion (Axiom 6 $-$ motion is continuous and conserved)
• These two subsume all three conventional laws

Why Energy Conservation Follows:

Since energy is just a calculation describing matter and motion:

• Kinetic energy = calculation from matter's motion
• Potential energy = calculation from matter's configuration
• If matter and motion are conserved, calculations from them are conserved

Example $-$ Pendulum:

Conventional Description:

• Energy converts between kinetic and potential
• Total energy conserved
• KE maximum at bottom, zero at top
• PE maximum at top, zero at bottom

AAM Description:

• Matter (pendulum bob) conserved throughout
• Motion (velocity) changes continuously
• At top: matter momentarily slow, high position
• At bottom: matter fast, low position
• No energy "conversion" $-$ just matter moving through different positions

The Point: Energy is useful mathematical bookkeeping, but physical reality is matter moving through space. Conservation follows from matter and motion conservation, not from energy being a conserved substance.

Implications for the AAM

1. Eliminates Mystical Concepts

By recognizing energy as a property of matter rather than an independent substance, the AAM eliminates:

No Pure Energy:

• No massless photons
• No energy waves in empty space
• No radiation without matter
• No vacuum energy or zero-point fluctuations
• No energy fields existing independently

No Matter-Energy Conversion:

• No annihilation creating pure energy
• No pair production from pure energy
• No mass defect becoming energy
• All apparent conversions are matter rearrangement

No Energy Substances:

• No dark energy
• No quintessence
• No exotic energy forms
• Energy is always matter in motion at some scale

2. Simplifies Physics

Understanding energy properly simplifies many areas:

Thermodynamics:

• Heat is matter in motion (molecular kinetic energy)
• Temperature is average kinetic energy
• All heat transfer is motion transfer
• No mysterious caloric fluid, no energy substance

Mechanics:

• Work is motion transfer to matter
• Power is rate of motion transfer
• Momentum and energy both describe motion
• Unified under matter-motion framework

Electromagnetism:

• "Electrical energy" is gravitational orbitron flow (kinetic) plus atomic configuration states
• "Magnetic energy" is momentum valence shell alignment configuration
• No abstract field energy $-$ all reduces to matter configurations and motion
• Light transmission is mechanical wave process through aether
• Poynting vector describes matter-motion flow patterns

3. Resolves Paradoxes

Mass-Energy Paradoxes:

• How can massless photon have energy? (It can't $-$ light is waves, not particles)
• Where does mass go in annihilation? (Nowhere $-$ matter is rearranged, not destroyed)
• How is energy conserved in expanding universe? (Universe isn't expanding $-$ no paradox)

Vacuum Energy Paradoxes:

• Why is vacuum energy density prediction off by $10^{120}$? (Vacuum energy doesn't exist)
• How can empty space have energy? (It can't $-$ aether fills space)
• What is dark energy? (Misinterpretation of rotational dynamics)

Quantum Paradoxes:

• How do virtual particles violate conservation? (They don't $-$ they're real matter at $SL_{-1}$)
• What is wave-particle duality? (False dichotomy $-$ light is waves)
• How can photon have zero mass but carry momentum? (It can't $-$ no photons exist)

4. Cosmological Implications

Tired Light:

• Energy loss over cosmic distances is inevitable
• Explains redshift without expansion
• No need for dark energy
• Olbers' paradox resolved

No Heat Death:

• Infinite matter means infinite energy reservoir (Axiom 5)
• Energy constantly redistributed, not running down
• One-directional SL progression prevents equilibrium
• Eternal dynamics at all scales

No Big Bang Energy Problem:

• No need to explain where energy came from
• Matter and motion eternal (Axioms 4, 5)
• No creation event needed
• Energy has always existed as property of eternal matter

5. For Understanding Atomic Structure

Spectral Lines:

• Energy levels are orbital configurations
• Transitions are mechanical rearrangements
• Photon emission is wave generation in aether
• Discrete energies from discrete orbital structures

Chemical Bonding:

• Bond "energy" is orbital and aether motion patterns
• Breaking bonds redistributes motion to kinetic energy
• Different bonds = different motion patterns at atomic scale
• All chemistry is matter rearrangement and motion redistribution

Nuclear Reactions:

• Fission/fusion is matter reconfiguration
• Energy release is kinetic energy of products
• No mass destruction $-$ just redistribution
• All nuclear phenomena are mechanical
• The apparent "mass deficit" involves loss of orbitrons from valence clouds (bonding context), not loss of planetrons (particle context)

Supporting Arguments from Other Axioms

From Axiom 1: Only Space, Matter, and Motion Exist

Energy Must Reduce to Matter and Motion:

• Only three constituents exist: space, matter, motion
• Energy is not listed as separate constituent
• Therefore, energy must be property of matter/motion
• Cannot be independent substance

No Fields as Energy Containers:

• Axiom 1 eliminates fields as physical entities
• Cannot store energy in non-existent fields
• "Field energy" must be motion of matter (aether)
• All energy in matter or motion of matter

From Axiom 2: Infinite Space

Energy Propagation Through Medium:

• Space provides arena for matter and motion
• Infinite space filled with aether ($SL_{-1}$ matter)
• Wave motion propagates through this medium
• Tired light inevitable in infinite space

No Expansion Energy:

• Space doesn't expand (Axiom 2)
• No "stretching space" creating energy
• No need for dark energy
• Cosmological observations explained by rotation + tired light

From Axiom 3: All Matter Has Mass

No Massless Energy Carriers:

• All matter has mass (Axiom 3)
• No massless particles can exist
• Photons, gluons, gravitons impossible
• Energy must be carried by massive matter

Infinite Divisibility:

• Matter infinitely divisible
• Energy exists at all scales
• What appears as energy at one scale is matter-motion at smaller scale
• Virtual particles are real matter at $SL_{-1}$

From Axiom 5: Infinite Matter

Infinite Energy Reservoir:

• Infinite matter in motion (Axioms 5, 8)
• Infinite energy reservoir
• No heat death possible
• Energy constantly redistributed, never depleted

Matter Cannot Be Created:

• Infinite matter has always existed
• Cannot create new matter from energy
• Cannot destroy matter into energy
• $E=mc^2$ is relationship, not conversion

From Axiom 6: Motion is Unique and Continuous

Energy as Motion Property:

• Motion is matter moving through space
• Kinetic energy describes this motion
• Different motions = different energies
• Energy uniqueness follows from motion uniqueness

Continuous Energy Changes:

• Motion is continuous (no quantum jumps)
• Energy changes continuously
• Apparent discrete changes from measurement
• Atomic structure creates discrete appearances

From Axiom 8: Constant Motion (Preview)

Perpetual Energy:

• All matter in constant motion (Axiom 8)
• Matter always has kinetic energy
• No absolute zero (would require absolute rest)
• Energy eternal because motion eternal

Objections and Responses

Objection 1:

Response:

Mathematical Accuracy $\neq$ Ontological Truth:

The equation $E=mc^2$ is mathematically accurate for describing certain relationships, but this doesn't prove the conventional interpretation.

What $E=mc^2$ Actually Shows:

• Describes motion effects when matter interacts with aether
• Bidirectional energy formula (factor of $c^2$ not $\frac{1}{2}v^2$)
• Originally derived by Maxwell (1862), not Einstein
• Calculates work done in accelerating/decelerating matter
• Valid mathematical relationship without requiring matter-energy conversion

Nuclear Reactions Explained:

• Matter is rearranged, not converted
• Tightly bound matter released from binding structure
• Released matter has high kinetic energy
• Total mass conserved $-$ just redistributed
• "Energy release" is kinetic energy of matter fragments

Pair Production Explained:

• Not energy creating matter from nothing
• High-energy collision fragments matter at collision site
• $SL_{-1}$ fragments gravitationally accumulate
• Form $SL_{-1}$ particles (electron, positron)
• Matter was there at smaller scale $-$ just reorganized

Annihilation Explained:

• Not matter disappearing into energy
• Electron and positron collide at high speed
• Structures disrupted, matter fragmented
• Fragments too small to detect individually
• Radiation is wave motion from collision in aether
• Matter still exists at $SL_{-1}$ scale

Objection 2:

Response:

Discreteness from Atomic Structure, Not Light:

The photoelectric effect shows discrete energy absorption, but this comes from quantized atomic orbitals, not quantized light.

Mechanical Explanation:

• Light is continuous pressure wave motion in aether (see EM_Waves_as_Pressure_Waves.md)
• Atoms have discrete orbital configurations (planetrons, orbitrons)
• Each orbital has characteristic frequency
• Wave creates oscillating pressure gradients in aether medium
• Pressure oscillations act directly on low-mass planetrons (~1836 times lighter than nucleon)
• Massive nucleon acts as gravitational anchor (barely responds to pressure variations)
• When wave frequency matches planetron orbital harmonics, resonance occurs
• Resonant energy transfer ejects particle(s) if collective energy exceeds binding

Why Threshold Frequency:

• Need sufficient energy to overcome binding
• Below threshold, no ejection occurs
• Not because light comes in packets
• Because orbital binding requires minimum energy

Why Instantaneous:

• Resonance coupling is immediate when matched
• Like pushing swing at resonant frequency
• Continuous process, but transfer happens quickly at resonance
• No delay needed to "accumulate photons"

Supporting Evidence:

• Wave interference patterns (double-slit)
• Continuous intensity variations
• Polarization (wave property)
• Diffraction and refraction (wave properties)

Objection 3:

Response:

QFT Fields Are Mathematical Constructs:

Quantum field theory uses fields as mathematical tools for calculations, but this doesn't make them physical entities.

What QFT Really Describes:

• Mathematical formalism for describing particle behavior
• Field operators are calculational tools
• "Energy in field" is motion of underlying matter (aether)
• Successful predictions don't require field ontology

Virtual Particles Explained:

• Not particles popping from field energy
• Gravitational accumulation of $SL_{-1}$ matter fragments
• Real matter at smaller scales
• Mathematical artifacts given physical interpretation in QFT
• AAM provides mechanical interpretation

Vacuum Energy Explained:

• Not energy in empty space
• Motion of aether ($SL_{-1}$ matter)
• Zero-point motion from perpetual motion (Axiom 8)
• Real physical matter, not mathematical field

Objection 4:

Response:

Blackbody Radiation is Wave Emission:

Hot matter emits electromagnetic waves in aether, not photons.

Planck's Law Explained:

• $E = h\nu$ relates frequency to effective energy transfer
• Higher frequency = faster oscillations in aether
• Faster oscillations = more effective momentum transfer per cycle
• Formula describes wave-matter interaction, not particle energy

Wien's Displacement Law:

• Hotter objects emit higher frequency waves
• Faster molecular motion creates faster oscillations
• Peak frequency shifts with temperature
• All explained by wave mechanics in medium

Stefan-Boltzmann Law:

• Total radiated power $\propto T^4$
• Follows from wave mechanics and thermodynamics
• No photons needed
• Continuous wave emission from oscillating matter

Why Discrete Spectrum:

• Hot matter has discrete molecular/atomic structures
• These structures oscillate at characteristic frequencies
• Emit waves at those frequencies
• Discreteness from matter structure, not light quantization

Objection 5:

Response:

Universe Doesn't Expand:

This objection assumes cosmic expansion, which the AAM rejects (Axioms 2, 4).

AAM Cosmology:

• Space is infinite and static (Axiom 2)
• No expansion, no creation, no beginning
• Cosmic Regions rotate, not expand
• Redshift from tired light, not expansion

Energy Conservation:

• Matter and motion conserved (Axioms 3, 6)
• Energy as property of matter-motion automatically conserved
• No expansion means no energy conservation problem
• Infinite matter means infinite energy reservoir

Dark Energy Unnecessary:

• Invented to explain accelerating expansion
• If no expansion, no dark energy needed
• Observations explained by rotation + tired light
• Simplifies cosmology enormously

Objection 6:

Response:

Potential Energy is Configuration, Not Stored Substance:

Gravitational potential energy describes matter's position in gravitational shadow pattern, not energy stored in matter.

What It Really Represents:

• Matter at height $h$ in gravitational field
• Configuration has potential to produce motion
• When released, matter accelerates
• "Energy" is calculation about configuration, not substance

Why It Seems Like Stored Energy:

• Can predict how much kinetic energy will result
• Seems like energy "waiting" to be released
• But physically, it's just matter in position where acceleration will occur

Analogy:

• Ball on hill has "potential energy"
• Not because ball contains stored energy substance
• But because ball's position means it will roll if released
• Potential = calculation about what will happen, not what is stored

Objection 7:

Response:

Quantization from Atomic Structure, Not Light:

Energy quantization in atoms comes from discrete orbital configurations, not from quantized light.

Mechanical Explanation:

• Atoms have discrete stable orbital configurations (Axiom 1)
• Planetrons and orbitrons occupy specific positions/orbits
• Each configuration has specific gravitational binding
• Transitions between configurations change binding energy

Why Discrete Energies:

• Only certain orbital configurations are stable
• Like harmonics on vibrating string
• Intermediate states unstable, decay quickly
• Measured energies correspond to stable configurations

Photon Emission Explained:

• Orbital transition occurs (planetron/orbitron changes orbit)
• Sudden acceleration/deceleration during transition
• Creates disturbance in surrounding aether
• Disturbance propagates as wave at frequency matching energy difference
• No particle emitted $-$ just wave generated

Photon Absorption Explained:

• Incoming wave resonates with orbital frequency
• Resonant coupling transfers motion to orbital particle
• Particle gains energy, transitions to higher orbit
• Wave frequency matches energy difference ($E = h\nu$)
• Wave absorbed into orbital motion

Open Questions for Future Investigation

Theoretical Development

1. Detailed Tired Light Mechanism $-$ Exact mathematical model of energy loss rate, dependence on aether density, wavelength-dependent effects, comparison with observations
2. $E=mc^2$ Full Derivation $-$ Complete mechanical derivation from first principles, why bidirectional factor (not $\frac{1}{2}$), connection to Maxwell's original derivation, relationship to Newton-Laplace equation
3. Resonance Theory $-$ Mathematical model of wave-orbital resonance, energy transfer rates, threshold phenomena, frequency matching requirements
4. Energy at Different Scales $-$ How energy concepts scale across similarity levels, energy transfer between scales, fusion/fission as scale transitions, conservation across scales

Quantitative Predictions

1. Photoelectric Effect $-$ Detailed predictions from resonance model, threshold frequency calculations, intensity dependence, angular distributions
2. Compton Scattering $-$ Wavelength change from wave-matter collision, angular dependence, intensity variations, comparison with conventional predictions
3. Blackbody Radiation $-$ Deriving Planck's law from wave mechanics, temperature dependence, frequency distributions, all Stefan-Boltzmann relations
4. Nuclear Reaction Energies $-$ Calculating energy release from matter reconfiguration, binding energy from atomic structure, fission/fusion predictions, mass measurements and distributions

Experimental Tests

1. Distinguishing Waves from Particles $-$ Experiments showing wave-only behavior, tests of photon momentum transfer, single-photon experiments reinterpreted, wave mechanics predictions vs. particle predictions
2. Tired Light Observations $-$ Spectral line broadening tests, distance-dependent wavelength shifts, surface brightness tests, gravitational lensing effects
3. Energy Conservation Tests $-$ High-precision mass measurements in reactions, searching for "missing mass" at smaller scales, tracking matter through transformations, testing conservation at extreme energies
4. Aether Detection $-$ Direct evidence for light propagation medium, aether density variations, light speed variations in different media, wave propagation characteristics

Conceptual Clarification

1. Energy and Time $-$ Relationship between energy and time (E-t uncertainty), how energy relates to motion and time (Axiom 9), energy as rate concept, time evolution of energy
2. Energy and Information $-$ Does energy carry information? Information as property of matter configuration, information transfer via energy transfer, relationship to entropy
3. Energy Density $-$ What does energy density physically mean? Volume occupied by matter vs. energy calculation, energy density in different media, extreme energy densities
4. Negative Energy $-$ Can energy be negative? What does negative potential energy mean? Reference point dependence, physical interpretation

Relationship to Other Axioms

Axiom 7 builds upon all previous axioms and prepares for those to come:

Builds On:

Axiom 1 (Space, Matter, Motion):

• Energy must reduce to these three constituents
• Cannot be independent entity (not listed in Axiom 1)
• Kinetic energy = motion of matter
• Potential energy = configuration of matter in space

Axiom 2 (Infinite Space):

• Energy can propagate infinitely (wave motion in aether)
• Tired light inevitable over infinite distances
• No expansion energy problems
• Space provides arena for energy (matter-motion) distribution

Axiom 3 (Mass and Infinite Divisibility):

• No massless energy carriers (photons impossible)
• Energy exists at all scales
• Virtual particles are real matter at smaller scales
• $E=mc^2$ is relationship, not conversion (matter conserved)

Axiom 4 (Universe Concept):

• Energy eternal (matter-motion eternal)
• No creation event = no energy creation needed
• Infinite universe = infinite energy reservoir
• No beginning = no initial energy state problem

Axiom 5 (Infinite Matter):

• Infinite matter = infinite energy reservoir
• No heat death possible
• Energy constantly redistributed
• Conservation meaningful in infinite system

Axiom 6 (Motion is Unique and Continuous):

• Energy as motion property
• Continuous motion = continuous energy changes
• Unique motion = unique energy for each particle
• Motion conservation = energy conservation

Prepares For:

Axiom 8 (Constant Motion):

• All matter in perpetual motion
• Therefore all matter has kinetic energy
• No absolute zero (would require absolute rest)
• Energy eternal because motion eternal

Axiom 9 (Time from Motion):

• Energy changes occur over time
• Time as measure of motion
• Energy-time relationship
• Power as energy per time

Axiom 10 (Self-Similarity):

• Energy concepts apply at all scales
• Same mechanical principles at all levels
• Energy transfer mechanisms similar across scales
• Conservation holds at all similarity levels

Key Connections:

1. With Axiom 1 (Fundamentals): Energy is not fourth fundamental entity $-$ reduces to matter and motion.
2. With Axiom 3 (No Massless Particles): No photons, no pure energy, all energy is property of massive matter.
3. With Axiom 6 (Motion): Kinetic energy is quantification of motion; motion conservation = energy conservation.
4. With Axiom 8 (Constant Motion $-$ Preview): Perpetual motion = perpetual energy; thermodynamic implications.